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January 1, 2009
Animal ID & Traceability
The first set of scenarios compare doing nothing (status quo) to adopting
full animal tracing for just the bovine sector. The bovine sector is the
focus here because it is it the sector among bovine, porcine, ovine, and
poultry that would incur the largest adoption cost of NAIS practices.
Under the status quo scenarios, we further explore what the impacts are
if by doing nothing we also lose export market access. We are likely to
lose export market access over time if we do not adopt NAIS practices,
even without any major market or major animal disease event, because
the international marketplace is making animal identification and tracing
systems the norm and any country that does not conform will have less
market access.
Table 2 summarizes the total loss per head to producers in the beef
sector, after all markets adjust as a result of not adopting NAIS practices
(i.e., status quo) under 0%, 10%, 25%, and 50% permanent export
market losses for beef. If we do nothing to adopt NAIS, and nothing
happens to export markets, the result is no cost, no market loss. If we do
nothing and we lose market access, which we believe is likely, the beef
industry will suffer losses. The losses would amount to $18.25 per head if
we do not adopt NAIS and we lose 25% of export market share. To put
this into perspective, this would be about like losing access to the South
Korean export market at 2003 export market shares.
Table 2. Net Annual Loss in Beef Producer Surplus from Status Quo
with Varying Export Market Losses
Export Market Loss Incurred
0% …
October 1, 2015
USDA METSS Project
Contents
Macroeconomic Effects on Poverty Rate: A Case Study of Northern Ghana ............................................... 1
Income, Expenditure Shares, Food Choices and Food Security in Northern Ghana ................................... 16
Do Adult Equivalence Scales Matter in Poverty Estimates? A Case Study from Ghana ............................. 23
A Cautionary Note on Comparing Poverty Prevalence Rates ..................................................................... 43
Securing Africa’s Middle Class: The Case of Northern Ghana .................................................................... 53
The Effect of Transaction Costs on Grain and Oilseed Farmers’ Market Participation in Sub‐Saharan
Africa: Recent Evidence from Northern Ghana ......................................................................................... 64
Reducing Gender Differences in Agricultural Performance in Northern Ghana ........................................ 82
Production Efficiency of Smallholder Farms in Northern Ghana ................................................................ 99
Does Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Matter in Children’s Health Status? Insights from Northern
Ghana ........................................................................................................................................................ 115
Recent Evidence of Health Effects of Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Northern Ghana ........... 130
1
Macroeconomic Effects on Poverty Rate: A Case Study of Northern
Ghana
Yacob Zereyesus and Vincent Amanor‐Boadu
Department of Agricultural Economics
Kansas State University
March 2015
Introduction
The prevalence of extreme poverty is externally determined by the established poverty line. In recent
years, it has been based on a daily per capita expenditure of $1.25, measured in 2005 Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP). Using PPP aims to eliminate the effect of exchange rates.
PPP is based on the Law of One Price – in the absence of transaction costs and trade barriers, identical
traded goods will have the same price in all markets when the prices are denominated in the same
currency. This implies that in the presence of transaction costs and trade barriers, identical traded
goods do not have the same price in all markets.
PPP is calculated in three stages:
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